The verb "stand", in this case, means to perform the duty and is a transitive verb, which has at least one object. You can find some examples in the dictionaries:
stand (v.) to perform the duty of or participate in as part of one's job or duty: to stand watch aboard ship. (from Dictionary.com, meaning #27; you might have to expand to see this)
stand (v.) to perform the duty of <stand guard> (from M-W, transitive verb meaning #4a)
The word "guard" you indicate describes the kind/type of duty, not a person working on the duty. Therefore, "guard" in the sentence is uncountable and requires no article.