I turned from being her patient to (being) her student.
Why or why not? I find both instances on Google and some use into. So I'm a bit confused.
The second being is necessary to form the contrast.
In your example,
I went from being her patient to her student.
"to her student" is not correct, though it might be understood.
The pattern you are using is
from be-ing something to be-ing something-else
I went from "I was her patient" to "I am her student".
Then I was her patient, now I am her student.
was, am, being are all state of being verbs.
The second being is necessary to state what you are now.
I can give my explanation. But I could not give the the real reasons. My English teacher said that verb behind a preposition should convert into V-ing . In the sentence, both "from" and "to" are prepositions. So the second "being" should be being.