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Macmillan defines:
meteoropathy - a health condition, or symptom caused by certain weather conditions such as humidity, temperature or atmospheric pressure
As I can't find it in any other online vocabulary, I guess it's not a very common word. Any other way to say the same in a more colloquial manner? Is there an adjective for it?
A common term in Canada for when our moods are dictated by the weather is seasonal depression. Typically experienced in the winter, seasonal depression sums up the sad and gloomy feelings brought on by the weather.
Seasons depression is accurate in casual conversation, however it should be noted that it is formally known as seasonal affective disorder.
Seasonal Affective Disorder:
A mood disorder subset in which people who have normal mental health throughout most of the year exhibit depressive symptoms at the same time each year, most commonly in the winter. People may sleep too much or have little energy.
Full wikipedia: here
As far as I know there is no word in common use for this. You'd have to describe it.
However we do have an idiom "as changeable as the weather" to describe someone who changes (mood) frequently and unpredictably. Examples:
"A woman's heart is as changeable as the weather in spring" - Japanese proverb
"Why, what mere children are your fellows of quality; that cry for a plaything one minute, and throw it by the next! -- as changeable as the weather, and as uncertain as the stocks." The Clandestine Marriage, George Colman
First, you mention "mood" in your title, but the definition uses the words "a health condition or symptom." So I get the feeling that meteoropathy might be used more for joint pain and migraines than irritable moods (although one can often cause the other).
Second, you are right, meteoropathy is a little-known and little-used word. Wikipedia lists it under a more common term that might be more recognizable to some: weather pains.
That said, articles such as this one have a longer list of possible symptoms that fall under the meteorpathy umbrella, including:
migraines, headaches, dizziness, nausea, fainting, pains in the field of old injuries, rheumatic pains, and muscle aches... fatigue, irritability, mood swings, apathy, lethargy, decreased concentration, coordination and thinking, and sleep disturbances.
I can't think of a common replacement word, though I will say that I've had a few friends who have been known to say things like:
