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Let's say someone said, "I didn't visit him yesterday.". As a response to that, can I say "You should have." to mean "You should have visited him."?

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    Yes, you can certainly say that. If I'm not mistaken, in grammar books, they call it an ellipsis. Look it up.
    – Michael Rybkin
    Commented Dec 4, 2018 at 14:25

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This comment by @Michael Rybkin is correct.

they call it an ellipsis. Look it up.

Try here.

BTW, your periods in the final sentence are wrong. They are ending a sentence that you want to continue. Most(*) would write:

As a response to that, can I say "You should have" to mean "You should have visited him"?

(*) Some style guides differ on whether quotes and dialogue are always punctuated the same.

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    Thanks. As far as I know, there is no rigid rule about that using or not using a period at the end of a quotation thing.
    – Fire and Ice
    Commented Dec 4, 2018 at 15:11
  • I would say there is a very rigid rule that a period followed by and end-quote mark ends a sentence. However, multiple sentences ended by periods are allowed within one set of quote marks. Question marks and exclamation marks instead are optional: they may end the sentence but will not always do so.
    – Ross Murray
    Commented Dec 4, 2018 at 21:26

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