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Which choice fits the best for my example below:
I waited for you (...) 12 o’clock, but you didn't come (...), so I got on a taxi and left.
a) until / until that time
b) until / by that time
c) by / until that time
d) by / by that time
For me all of these choices work, but I'm sure one of them is the most natural one.
In the first clause, only until is permissible, not by.
I waited for you until 12 o'clock.
In the second clause, only by then suits the context. Until then would imply that "you" did come at 12 o'clock.
You didn't come until then, so I was pretty angry when you arrived.
However, the simple past is unlikely; you should have a past perfect, because you are speaking of the 'state' current at 12 o'clock which caused you to leave:
You hadn't come by then, so I got on a taxi and left.
