Within the footwear industry itself, this is called a lug tread. One of the definitions of lug is "a ridge (as on the bottom of a shoe) to increase traction."
However, while you will find the phrase "lug tread" used in customer-facing advertisements (for example, here is an ad for a "Women's genuine leather lace-up boot with a lug tread rubber sole"), I would not say that it's commonly used in everyday speech. More frequently you'd hear people saying that a shoe has a deep tread or a deep-cut tread.