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Unlike in Western European countries were scientific community has developed for a couple of centuries, scientific community in this country is yet ______ and fragile.

I want to say that the community is not established for a very long time and so is not well established and not well-developed.

I thought of elementary, primitive, and seminal. But I am looking for the most idiomatic word for such context.

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I quite like fledgling for this:

Fledgling: adjective [ before noun ] uk ​ /ˈfledʒlɪŋ/ us ​ (also fledgeling)

a fledgling company or industry is a fairly new one with little experience in a business activity: Many fledgling companies need financial assistance. One of those fledgeling industries in the area is tourism. a fledgling airline/brewery/bank

...but it may require rearrangement of your sentence a little, e.g.:

The fledgling scientific community in this country is fragile, compared to those in Western European countries, which have developed for a couple of centuries.

Some words that might fit directly in your sentence without rearrangement, are:

  • unrefined, unsophisticated or inexperienced

Your existing suggestion of primitive isn't a bad choice, either.

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    Fledgling is a very good choice, especially if you're looking for a neutral term. Most of the other alternatives are somewhat more negative (or even pejorative if used carelessly).
    – Canadian Yankee
    Commented Jul 5, 2019 at 15:37
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Nascent

Dictionary.com:

Beginning to exist or develop

Collins Dictionary:

Nascent things or processes are just beginning, and are expected to become stronger or to grow bigger.

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