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Latest in English means most recent. Then, how do we say something is 'most late'?
For example, all the candidates for a job receive their interview schedules. I don't exactly know the entire schedule, but I've seen three dates: November 3, November 7, and November 11. My friend asks me when is the last interview. I want to tell him that from what I've seen the 'most late' one is on November 11th. How would I phrase this sentence?
You have a problem with your question.
You're using dates of November. At the time of this question, it's October and November is in the future. When you say that latest means most recent, that's only if you're talking about the past. If you're talking about the future, it's the opposite.
However, for the purpose of the final answer, the same general principles apply.
Regardless of your point of reference, latest is on one end of the scale and earliest is on the other.
In other words:
Dates in the past: November 3 was the earliest date and it was the furthest away from the present; November 11 was the latest date and it was the closest to to the present.
Dates in the future: November 3 will be the earliest date and it will be the closest to the present; November 11 will be the latest date and it will be the furthest away from the present.
It really does the trick, both for what you want and the alternative, without the confusion of "latest", and the spelling is conveniently similar. Consider the adverb definition from Merriam-Webster:
last adverb (MW)
1: after all others : at the end
// came last and left first
2: most lately
// saw him last in Rome
3: in conclusion
// last, let's consider the social aspect
For your example:
...I want to tell him that from what I've seen the last one is on November 11.
Firstly "latest" does not only mean "most recent". The word "latest" can be used in discussing events at any time, including the future, and is part of canned phrases such as "at the latest". We can say that "the latest you should pay that bill is the 31st of this month", but not "the most recent you should pay that bill is the 31st of this month". The word "recent" takes a relative point of view from some time understood to be current; the most recent event is the latest one, excluding ones that have not yet happened.
"Most late" does in fact mean "latest". Both express the superlative of "late". Though awkward, it is possible to say "the most late you should pay that bill is the 31st of this month". It's only awkward because "most late" is a verbose phrase that isn't used much, since the direct superlative "latest" is available. The "most " construction is required for adjectives that don't form superlatives, or do so awkwardly.
An example of a class of adjectives that don't form superlatives are those which are verb participles, or have that form:
Out of all the cynics I know, Bob is the {most jaded | *
jadest| *jadedest}.
We have no choice but to use "most jaded".
If several people have arrived late, we can say "out of the latecomers, Bob was the most late" or "out of the latecomers, Bob was the latest".
Now if you say "the November 11 interview is the latest one I saw in the schedule", there is an ambiguity there. Does "latest" refer to the date of the interview? Or does "latest" refer to your discovery: is it the most recent one you learned about so far? The ambiguity is resolved by the context given by the prior discussion and by other knowledge of the world, such as that a person usually has the entire schedule before their eyes; people usually don't report about the incremental discovery of the elements of a schedule. However, we can avoid the ambiguity anyway, like this: "the November 11 interview is the latest dated one I saw in the schedule".
