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I know that I can drop something: I accidentally make it fall to the ground.
But I want to know if I can use it in other ways like: I was trying hard to finish the task, but I dropped it. Meaning: I stopped trying to finish it.
If the second sentence is not correct, are there any other definitions of "to drop"?
It sounds like you're looking for dictionary definitions of the verb drop. Merriam Webster or other sources would be a good place to start.
To make something fall to the ground is an example of the second definition:
2a(1): to fall (see FALL entry 1 sense 1a) unexpectedly or suddenly
To stop working on task is an example of the fourth definition:
4a: to cease to be of concern : LAPSE
