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If someone asks about how much did you get or how many did you get about a total amount then will it be correct to say like this?:
Now we know how many of how many tasks have been completed.
How many lessons of the number of lessons you did?
and
How much money of how much money did he get?
How much money of the number of money did he get?
No - none of the example sentences you give are grammatical.
If you are speaking about a specific amount or total, and you have established what that is, then you can use the definite article to point to that amount, for example:
How much of the money did you get?
How many of the tasks did you complete?
The tasks would refer to a specific number of tasks which is your demoninator, the number that have been completed is your numerator.
