Do ‘red’ and ‘redness’ mean the same thing? That is, color red is quality redness?
Red: red color
Redness: the quality or state of being red
"Red" is most often used as an attribute:
A red apple. Her face was red. A big red light.
You could not replace the adjective "red" with "redness" in these examples.
As a noun it is the name of a colour.
Crimson is a dark red.
And it is used to mean "a red thing" in a variety of contexts:
Would you like the red [wine]? There are reds [communists] everywhere. He potted a red [ball in snooker]
"redness" isn't the name of a colour. You can use it to describe how red something is:
The redness of the room is shocking!
or often to talk about medical inflammation
Redness of the skin can indicate an infection.