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Do the three would's have the same meaning in the following?
a. A: Who's ringing the doorbell? B: It'd (= would) be John.
b. I think my swimming pool would hold 20,000 gallons of water.
c. If I were a billionaire, I would buy a jet.
It seems that the "would" in (a) is a deductive usage, but I am not sure about (b) and (c).
No, they don't have the same meaning. In (b) and (c), they are used in apodosis clauses. That might not be apparent in (b), but we could easily add a protasis:
I think my swimming pool would hold 20,000 gallons of water if I tried to fill it up.
In (a), we can not add a protasis without changing the meaning. In other words, there is no conditional meaning in that sentence; the author is merely surmising about the likely identity of the person at the door.
(Note that I'm interpreting sentence (a) in the way I think you mean. Of course, it's possible to interpret it as a conditional, but that doesn't seem to be the intended meaning.)
