- You don't get such wonderful opportunities too often.
- You don't come by such wonderful opportunities too often.
What's the difference ?
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There is no difference in their meaning in the examples provided: wonderful opportunities are rare ... wonderful opportunities present themselves rarely...one does not happen upon wonderful opportunities often.
"Get" is by far the more common.
But the two locutions could have very different connotations in other circumstances.
How did you come by that fancy camera? versus Where did you get that fancy camera?
"How did you come by" could be understood to be an insinuation that the person with the camera had obtained it illicitly, whereas the question "get" is neutral; the questioner who uses "get" might well expect an answer such as "My uncle gave it to me as a graduation gift".
To answer your question, the difference is in the Grammatical Mood of the words. The word get as used here implies an Indicative mood, meaning that the statement is a fact. The phrase come by, on the other hand, implies an Inferential mood, meaning that the statement is a possibility but doesn't completely confirm itself as fact.
To illustrate, consider the ownership of an apple. You could reasonably come by an apple without actually acquiring possession of it, even though it is strongly implied that you did. To get an apple, on the other hand, you must acquire, have acquired, or be expecting to acquire it; there is no ambiguity about its possession.