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Are phrases like "after that", "after the last update" or "after that week" considered specific points in time, and therefore the present perfect can't be used? Are these sentences correct?
After the last update, the game has stopped working, randomly crashing every now and then.
After that week in the mountains, he has never been the same.
The present perfect is a present tense, describing a present state, and you should think of the "rule" with the present perfect as a requirement that the timepoint or timeframe involved must include the present.
After T is generally used to locate an event (with a stative verb like be it locates the beginning of a state) at a timepoint rather than in a timeframe, so it is usually awkward with a present reference—we rarely use the present to narrate events. It works more comfortably with past or future reference:
After the last update the game stopped working.
After he has been to the mountains he will never be the same.
So I would avoid after with a present perfect. A better way of expressing what you're after is with since, which does imply the entire timeframe:
Since the last update the game has stopped working.
Since that week in the mountains he has never been the same.
