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Is correct grammatically to say
"Jewish is the nation that Jesus came from!"
as a declarative sentence ?
I ask my question because of that's strange to me to see the end of the sentence ends with preposition (as you can understand by yourself, I'm not English native speaker...)
It's perfectly OK to end a sentence on a preposition; but if you want to embed this statement in a fairly formal piece of writing you may write
... from which Jesus came.
(Note that you cannot use that as the immediate object of the preposition from.)
Jewish is the nation, however, is not acceptable English, because Jewish is an adjective, like French or Chinese or English itself. Those can be employed as nominals when they name a language or a people, but you can't even do that with Jewish: the language is Hebrew and the people are the Jews.
What you can say here will depend on what you want to say—and what you want to avoid saying. Nation does not mean the same thing in 1st century contexts that it does today. You probably don't want a territorial designation (Judaea, Palestine, Galilee); ethnically or religiously you're probably safest saying The Jews are the people from which/whom Jesus sprang; anything else (Israel, Judah, David, Abraham) is going to get you tied up in historical and theological controversy.
The sentence is grammatical, but it's not correct semantically because "Judaism" isn't a nation, it's a religion, and in general, one doesn't come from a religion.
You have a few options:
Simplify completely
Jesus was Jewish.
Keeping "Jewish" - This doesn't sound quite right to me
Jewish is the religious background that Jesus had.
Keeping "nation"
[country]1 is the nation that Jesus came from.
Not ending with a preposition (Grammar Myth)
Jesus came from the nation of [country].
or, more clumsily
[country] is the nation from which Jesus came.
1. I don't know where Bethlehem is/was during the time of the Bible.
It is acceptable to end a sentence with a preposition.
The sentence is grammatically incorrect in a different way. "Jewish" is an adjective, not a noun. Furthermore, a "Jew" is a person, not a "tribe" or "nation". "The Hebrews" were a group of Jewish tribes; they satisfied at least one definition of a "nation".
It would be grammatically correct to say:
Sometimes it is natural to end a sentence with a proposition. In this case, it is not natural. You can shorten the last two sentences, and make them more natural:
As others have noted, it's perfectly okay to end a sentence with a preposition. But, again as others have noted, "Jewish" is an adjective and not the name of a nation.
What nation you would say Jesus did come from depends on your definition of "nation", and a full discussion of that is getting more into history than grammar. You could say "Israel is the nation that Jesus came from." In his time Israel was no longer an independent political entity, but the people thought of themselves as Israelis because of their history and culture, and dreamed of being an independent nation again. You could say "The Roman Empire is the nation" etc as that is the political entity that actually controlled the land where he was born at the time.
You could say "Jesus was Jewish" in either an ethnic or religious sense.
