Version 1 is incorrect, as "introduce" can't be ditransitive.

Version 3 is awkward because "introduce" normally takes a person as its direct object, not a thing like "the beautiful world of mathematics".

Version 2 is good:

Jack introduced me to the beautiful world of mathematics.

Version 1 is incorrect, as "introduce" can't be ditransitive.

Version 3, using "introduce" (something) to (someone), is awkward at best.

Version 2 is good:

Jack introduced me to the beautiful world of mathematics.