We often say "Oh, I have missed the bus" when the bus had left before I arrived at the bus stop.
Now, I was on the bus and busy talking with a friend and forgot to get off the bus at a correct bus stop.
Is it correct to say "Oh, I have missed the stop" the same way we say "Oh, I have missed the bus"?
Yes, that works, but it is a little clearer to say “I missed my stop” because that makes it explicit that you are talking about the stop you intended to take.
Yes, that's correct. However, it's slightly more natural to use the pronoun "my" instead of "the". There also doesn't seem to be a reason to use the past perfect, so I would also prefer the simple past.
See for example this anecdote on Reddit:
I accidentally missed my bus stop due to daydreaming... when I went up the front of the bus the driver just laughed, did a slight detour, and dropped me right at the door of the train station rather than on the main road where I would have been originally. It was almost worth the initial shame of admitting I missed my stop.
